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Vitamins - Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)

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Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)

Cyanocobalamin is a compound that is metabolized to a vitamin in the B complex commonly known as vitamin B12 (or B12 for short).

The name vitamin B12 is used in two different ways. In a broad sense it refers to a group of cobalt-containing compounds known as cobalamins - cyanocobalamin (an artifact formed as a result of the use of cyanide in the purification procedures), hydroxocobalamin and the two coenzyme forms of B12, methylcobalamin (MeB12) and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (adenosylcobalamin - AdoB12). In a more specific way, the term B12 is used to refer to only one of these forms, cyanocobalamin, which is the principal B12 form used for foods and in nutritional supplements.

Pseudo-B12 refers to B12-like substances which are found in certain organisms; however, these substances do not have B12 biological activity for humans.

Vitamin B12 is naturally found in foods that harbor B12 bacteria including meat (especially liver and shellfish), eggs, and milk products. Fortified breakfast cereals are a particularly valuable source of vitamin B12 for vegetarians and vegans.

Injection is useful and usually necessary in cases where digestive absorption is impaired. Oral absorption is complex and requires specific intestinal transport proteins (intrinsic factor) produced in the stomach. In any case the absorption is saturated and is rate limited.

While lacto-ovo vegetarians usually get enough B12 through dairy products or eggs, it may be found lacking in those practicing vegan diets who do not use multivitamin supplements or eat B12 fortified foods, such as fortified breakfast cereals, fortified soy-based products, and fortified energy bars. Claimed sources of B12 that have been shown through direct studies of vegans to be inadequate or unreliable include, nori (a seaweed), barley grass, and human gut bacteria. However B12 deficiencies in vegans are so uncommon that the medical press still record cases. People on a vegan raw food diet are also susceptible to B12 deficiency if no supplementation is used.

A natural vegan source of B12 is the Chinese herb Tang Kuei (Angelica sinensis). The herb is used in Traditional Chinese medicine for treating anemia. Other potential sources of B12 for vegans include Indonesian tempeh, ontjom, and other fermented food products. Spirulina, an algae that has recently gained popularity as a dietary supplement, may also contain some B12. Another source of B12 is yeast spreads, such as Marmite and Vegemite, which are suitable for vegetarians and vegans.

Interestingly, certain insects such as termites have been found to contain B12.


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